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Journal = Clinical Bioenergetics

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19 pages, 1497 KiB  
Review
Biomarkers of Creatine Metabolism in Humans: From Plasma to Saliva and Beyond
by David D. Nedeljkovic and Sergej M. Ostojic
Clin. Bioenerg. 2025, 1(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinbioenerg1010002 - 27 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1318
Abstract
The literature on creatine biomarkers in various bodily fluids remains limited. The purpose of this review is to explore the available data regarding the presence of molecules considered biomarkers of creatine metabolism—namely creatine, guanidinoacetate, and creatinine—across different bodily fluids and matrices. In addition [...] Read more.
The literature on creatine biomarkers in various bodily fluids remains limited. The purpose of this review is to explore the available data regarding the presence of molecules considered biomarkers of creatine metabolism—namely creatine, guanidinoacetate, and creatinine—across different bodily fluids and matrices. In addition to providing reference values for each biofluid, the paper reports concentrations of these biomarkers in different pathologies. The impairment of creatine metabolism is most extensively studied in creatine deficiency syndromes, which are characterized by genetic deficiencies in either the enzymes involved in creatine biosynthesis or creatine transport. However, other conditions may also influence creatine metabolism to some extent. Our paper also focuses on the transport pathways of these metabolites from their originating tissues to various bodily fluids, typically mediated by the creatine transporter (SLC6A8), with evidence suggesting the involvement of other transporters as well. Gas and liquid chromatography have replaced traditional methods for the analytical detection of biomarkers of creatine metabolism and are now commonly used for this purpose. The paper also discusses the differences and variations between these analytical methods. Full article
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3 pages, 167 KiB  
Editorial
Clinical Bioenergetics: Understanding the Interplay Between Energy Metabolism and Human Health
by Sergej M. Ostojic
Clin. Bioenerg. 2025, 1(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinbioenerg1010001 - 4 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1376
Abstract
Mitochondrial energy deficits have emerged as a critical factor in various clinical conditions, including inherited metabolic disorders, intoxications, cardiometabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer [...] Full article
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